Iimpahla ezingekasilwa
I-aluminiyam inamanani abona manani aphezulu: emva kweoksijini kunye nesilicon, yeyona nkcukacha yaneleyo egqitywe ngaphakathi kumgangatho womhlaba, yenza ngaphezulu kwepesenti ezisibhozo zoqweqwe kubukhulu beemayile ezilishumi kwaye ivela phantse kwilitye ngalinye eliqhelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, i-aluminiyam ayenzeki kwifomu yayo ecocekileyo, yensimbi kodwa ngenye indlela njenge-hydrated aluminium oxide (umxube wamanzi kunye ne-alumina) edityaniswe ne-silica, i-iron oxide, kunye ne-titania.Eyona nto igcweleyo i-aluminiyam ore yi-bauxite, ethiywe ngegama ledolophu yaseFransi i-Les Baux apho yatshintsha yamiselwa ngo-1821. I-Bauxite ithwala i-iron kunye ne-hydrated aluminium oxide, kwaye le yokugqibela imele ilaphu layo elikhulu lokubumba.
Okwangoku, i-bauxite ininzi ngokwaneleyo ukuze iidiphozithi ezingcono kunye nomxholo we-aluminiyam oxide ongamashumi amane anesihlanu ekhulwini okanye ngaphezulu zombiwa ukwenza i-aluminiyam.Iidiphozithi ezigxininisiweyo zifunyenwe kwihemisphere nganye esemantla nakumazantsi, ngobuninzi bentsimbi ekrwada esetyenziswa eUnited States ivela eWest Indies, kuMntla Melika, naseOstreliya.
Ekubeni ibauxite ifumaneka kufutshane nomhlaba, iindlela zokwembiwa kwemigodi zilula ngendlela emangalisayo.Iziqhushumbisi zisetyenziselwa ukuvula imingxuma emikhulu kwiibhedi ze-bauxite, emva koko iileya eziphakamileyo zokungcola namatye ziyasuswa.Intsimbi ekrwada eveziweyo ke isuswe kunye nezilayishi zangaphambili, zifunjwe kwiiveni okanye kwiimoto zikaloliwe, kwaye zithuthelwe kubomi bezityalo.I-Bauxite inzima (ngokuqhelekileyo, itoni enye ye-aluminium inokuveliswa ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya kwi-6 yeetoni ze-ore), ngoko ke, ukunciphisa ixabiso lokuyihambisa, ezi ntyatyambo zihlala zifumaneka ngokusondeleyo kunokwenzeka kwimigodi ye-bauxite.
Inkqubo yokuVelisa
Ukukhupha i-aluminium yendalo kwi-bauxite kubandakanya iinkqubo.Okokuqala, intsimbi ekrwada iyasulungekiswa ukuze kususwe ukungcola okufana ne-iron oxide, i-silica, i-titania, kunye namanzi.Emva koko, umphumo we-aluminium oxide uyanyibilikiswa ukubonelela nge-aluminiyam yendalo.Emva koko, i-aluminium ihlanganiswe ukuze ibonelele nge-foil.
Ukucoca-inkqubo yeBayer
1.Indlela ye-Bayer esetyenziselwa ukucokisa i-bauxite iqulathe amanyathelo ama-4: ukucolwa kwesisu, uhlengahlengiso, imvula, kunye nokubala.Ngexesha lokwetyisa, i-bauxite ikumgangatho kwaye ixutywe nesodium hydroxide ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe kwiitanki ezinkulu ezinoxinzelelo.Kwezi itanki, ezibizwa ngokuba ziidigesters, indibaniselwano yesodium hydroxide, ubushushu, kunye noxinzelelo lwentsimbi ekrwada ihle ibe yimpendulo egcweleyo yesodium aluminate kunye nezingcolisi ezinganyibilikiyo, ezihlala ezantsi.
I-2.Isigaba esilandelayo sobuchule, ukulungelelaniswa, kubandakanya ukuthumela isisombululo kunye neengcoliseko nge-fixed of tanks and presses.Ngeli xesha, izihluzi zelaphu zibamba izinto ezingcolisayo, ezinokuthi zilahlwe.Emva kokuhluzwa kwakhona, isisombululo sokugqibela sithunyelwa kwinqaba yokupholisa.
3.Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, imvula, isisombululo se-aluminium oxide sithatha i-silo enkulu, apho, ekuhlengahlengisweni kobuchule be-Deville, i-fluid ifakwe kwi-crystals ye-aluminium e-hydrated ukukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwe-aluminium debris.Njengoko iikristale zembewu zihenda ezinye iikristale ngaphakathi kwesisombululo, i-clumps enkulu ye-aluminiyam hydrate iqala ukwenza.Ezi zihluzwa kuqala emva koko zihlanjululwe.
I-4.Calcination, inyathelo lokugqibela kakhulu ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokucoca i-Bayer, iquka ukuveza i-aluminium hydrate kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu.Obu bushushu bugqithileyo bukhupha amanzi emanzini, bushiya intsalela yomgubo omhlophe obalaseleyo: i-aluminium oxide.
Ukunyibilika
I-1.I-Smelting, eyahlula i-aluminium-oxygen compound (i-alumina) eveliswe ngoncedo lwendlela ye-Bayer, yinyathelo elilandelayo lokukhupha i-aluminium yendalo, i-aluminium yensimbi kwi-bauxite.Nangona inkqubo esetyenziswayo ngoku iphuma kwindlela yombane eyilwe ngexesha elinye ngeCharles Hall kunye noPaul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, iye yaphuculwa.Okokuqala, i-alumina inyibilika kwiselula enyibilikayo, ukungunda kwesinyithi okunzulu okufakwe kwikhabhoni kwaye kugcwele umqhubi wolwelo olushushu oludityaniswe ngokukodwa yi-aluminiyam compound cryolite.
2.Okulandelayo, i-contemporary powered contemporary iqhutywa nge-cryolite, ibangela ukuba i-crust yenze phezu kwencopho ye-alumina enyibilikayo.Xa i-alumina eyongezelelweyo ixutywa ngamaxesha athile kumxube, le crust iyaphulwa kwaye ixutywe kakuhle.Njengoko i-alumina inyibilika, iyabola ngokwe-electrolytically ukuvelisa umaleko we-aluminiyam esulungekileyo, etyhidiweyo kweyona ndawo iphantsi yeselula enyibilikayo.Ioksijini idibana kunye nekhabhoni esetyenziselwa umgca weseli kwaye ibaleke ngaphakathi kwimilo yecarbon dioxide.
3.Iseyimo etyhidiweyo, i-aluminium ecocekileyo itsalwa kwiiseli ezinyibilikayo, idluliselwe kwii-crucibles, kwaye ikhutshwe kwii-furnaces.Kweli nqanaba, ezinye izinto zinokungeniswa ukuze zibonelele ngealluminiyam ezineempawu ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso yokuyeka, nangona ifoyile iqhele ukwenziwa ukusuka kumashumi alithoba anesithoba.8 okanye amashumi alithoba anesithoba.Ulwelo luthi ke lugalelwe kwisixhobo sokukhabela ngasemva, apho luphola lube ngamacwecwe amakhulu abizwa ngokuba zii "ingots" okanye "reroll inventory."Emva kokuba i-annealed-ubushushu obujongene nokuphucula ukusebenza-ii-ingots zifanelekile ukuqengqeleka kwi-foil.
Enye indlela yokunyibilikisa kunye nokuphosa ialuminiyam ibizwa ngokuba "kukungayeki ukuphosa."Le nkqubo ibandakanya umgca wemveliso oquka isithando somlilo esinyibilikayo, indawo yomlilo yokugcina ukuquka isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo, inkqubo yokutshintsha, iyunithi yokuphosa, iyunithi edibeneyo efana ne-pinch rolls, i-shear kunye ne-bridle, kunye ne-rewind kunye ne-coil car.Zombini ezi ndlela zivelisa uluhlu lokutyeba oluqala kwi-0.Ikhulu elinamashumi amabini anesihlanu ukuya ku-zero.250 intshi (0.317 ukuya kwi-0.635 yeesentimitha) kunye nobubanzi obuninzi.Inzuzo yendlela eqhubekayo yokuphosa kukuba ayifuni inyathelo lokuqhawula ngaphambili kwi-foil rolling, njengoko kwenza indlela yokunyibilika kunye nokuphosa, kuba i-annealing iqhutyelwa rhoqo kwinkqubo yokuphosa.
Ifoyile eqengqelekayo
Emva kokuba uluhlu lwe-foil lwenziwe, kufuneka luncitshiswe ngobunzima bokwenza i-foil.Oku kwenziwa kwindawo yokusila, apho ilaphu ligqithe kwiimeko ezininzi kusetyenziswa imiqulu yesinyithi ebizwa ngokuba yimiqulu yokusebenza.Njengoko amaphepha (okanye iiweb) ze-aluminiyam zidlula kwi-rolls, ziyacudiswa zibe zincinci kwaye zikhutshwe phakathi kwesithuba phakathi kwemiqulu.Imiqulu yomsebenzi idityaniswe nemiqulu enzima eyaziwa ngokuba yi-backup rolls, efaka uxinzelelo ekuncedeni ukugcina ukuzinza kwemiqulu yokupenda.Oku kwenza ukuba kugcinwe imilinganiselo yemveliso ngaphakathi kokunyamezela.Imizobo kunye ne-backup rolls zijikeleza ngokwemiyalelo echaseneyo.Izithambiso zongezwa ukuququzelela ubuchule bokuqengqeleka.Ngethuba le nkqubo yokuqengqeleka, i-aluminium ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka ihlanjululwe (iphathwe ngokufudumala) ukugcina ukusebenza kwayo.
Isaphulelo se-foil silawulwa ngoncedo lokulungelelanisa i-rpm ye-rolls kunye ne-viscosity (ukuchasana ne-glide), ubuninzi, kunye nokushisa kwee-lubricants ezijikelezayo.Umsantsa wokuqengqeleka umisela zombini ubukhulu kunye nobude befoyile eshiya ilitye lokusila.Lo msantsa unokulungiswa ngoncedo lokunyusa okanye ukuthoba imizobo ephezulu.Ukuqengqeleka kuvelisa iziphene zendalo ezimbini kwifoyile, ecacileyo kunye ne-matte.Isiphelo esicacileyo siveliswa ngelixa ifoyile idibana nemiphezulu yemizobo.Ukuvelisa i-matte ekupheleni, amaphepha amabini kufuneka ahlanganiswe kunye kwaye agqitywe ngaxeshanye;Ngelixa oko kuphunyeziwe, imiphetho echukumisayo nganye eyahlukileyo iba nesiphelo sematte.Olunye ubugcisa bokugqiba oomatshini, obuveliswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngexesha lokuguqulwa kwemisebenzi, lungasetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngeepatheni ezifanelekileyo.
Njengoko amaphepha efoyile efika ngeerola, ayasikwa kwaye anqunyulwe ngeemela ezijikelezayo okanye ezinjengencakuba ezifakwe kwindawo yokusila.Ukucheba kubhekisa kwimiphetho yefoyile, nanjengoko ukusika kubandakanya ukusika ifoyile ibe ngamashiti amaninzi.La manyathelo asetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngobubanzi obubhinqileyo obubhinqileyo, ukucheba imiphetho yezinto ezigqunyiweyo okanye ezilaminethiweyo, kunye nokubonelela ngezikwere.Ukuqinisekisa ukwenziwa kunye nokutshintsha imisebenzi, iiweb ezaphukileyo xa ziqengqeleka kufuneka zidityaniswe zibuyiswe kunye, okanye zicocwe.Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ze-splices zokuba lilungu lewebhu ye-foil elula kunye / okanye i-foil exhaswayo iquka i-ultrasonic, i-tape yokutywina ukushisa, i-tape yokutywina yoxinzelelo, kunye ne-welded yombane.I-ultrasonic splice isebenzisa i-stable-state weld-eyenziwe nge-transducer ye-ultrasonic-ngaphakathi kwentsimbi edibeneyo.
Iindlela zokugqiba
Kwiiphakheji ezininzi, i-foil isetyenziswa kwi-IV / indibaniselwano nezinto ezahlukeneyo.Inokuthi igqunywe ngezinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ezibandakanya iipolymers kunye ne-resin, kwimisebenzi yokuhlobisa, yokukhusela, okanye yokufudumala.Inokuthi ifakwe i-laminated kumaphepha, iibhodi zephepha, kunye neefilimu zeplastiki.Isenokusikwa, yenziwe kulo naluphi na uhlobo, iprintwe, ifakwe i-embossed, inqunyulwe ibe yimicu, ifakwe emaphepheni, ifakwe kunye ne-anodized.Nje ukuba ifoyile ikwisizwe sayo sokugqibela, ipakishwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ithunyelwe kumthengi.
Ulawulo lwemeko
Ukongeza kwindlela yokulawula iiparameters ezifana neqondo lokushisa kunye nexesha, imveliso ye-foil egqityiweyo kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno ezilungileyo.Umzekelo, enye yohlobo lwenkqubo yokutshintsha kunye nokuyeka ukusebenzisa ifunyaniswe ifuna uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lokomisa kumgangatho we-foil ukwenza ngcono.Ukujonga okumanzi kusetyenziselwa ukugqiba ukoma.Kolu vavanyo, izisombululo ezikhethekileyo zotywala be-ethyl kumanzi adibeneyo, ngokunyuka kweepesenti ezilishumi ngoncedo lobuninzi, zigalelwa ngendlela efanayo kwi-foil surface.Ukuba akukho luhlobo lwamathontsi, ukumanzisa ngu-0. Ubuchule buzinzile de kufunyaniswe ukuba yeyiphi ipesenteji encinci yomxube wotywala eya kuwumanzisa ngokupheleleyo umgangatho wefoyile.
Ezinye iipropathi ezibalulekileyo bubunzima kunye namandla okuqina.Iindlela zokuhlola ezisemgangathweni zaphuhliswa ngoncedo lwe-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).Ukutyeba kuchongwa ngendlela yokulinganisa isampuli kunye nokulinganisa indawo yayo, emva koko ukwahlula ubunzima ngokwenza iimeko zendawo ukuxinana kwe-alloy.Uxinzelelo lokujonga ngaphandle kwefoyile kufuneka lulawulwe ngononophelo kuba jonga iziphumo kunokuba nokubandezeleka kwimiphetho enzima kunye nobukho beziphene ezincinci, kunye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo.Ipateni ibekwe kwindawo yokubamba kwaye i-tensile okanye i-pressure pressure isetyenziswe de kube ukuphuka kwepateni kwenzeka.Uxinzelelo okanye umbane ofunekayo ukuphula ipateni iyalinganiswa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-08-2022